葡萄汁奶酒发酵工艺研究

本文以牛奶和葡萄为原料,通过单因素和正交试验优化了葡萄汁奶酒的发酵工艺。结果表明,影响葡萄汁奶酒感官评分因素的强弱顺序依次为发酵温度>接种量>发酵时间>蔗糖添加量>葡萄汁添加量,通过计算发现最佳组合为发酵温度25℃,发酵时间5d,接种量1.00%∶0.50%∶1.50%,蔗糖添加量8%,葡萄汁添加量11%。该组合酿制的葡萄汁奶酒感官评分最高,为92分。经测得,葡萄汁奶酒在最佳发酵工艺条件下的总糖为9.5g/L、酒精体积分数为6.8%,总酸质量浓度为7.2g/L,氨基酸态氮质量浓度为0.21g/L。该葡萄汁奶酒中的天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸和脯氨酸含量显著高于奶酒和牛奶中的含量(P<0.05)。     

A systematic approach to determine the impact of elevated CO2 levels on the chemical composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Two wheat genetic lines (responsive and non-responsive to elevated CO₂) grown under ambient and free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) conditions were compared using fuzzy chromatography mass spectrometry (FCMS) metabolite fingerprinting. A more comprehensive survey of the changes in their chemical composition was made on selected samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) metabolomic profiling with high resolution accurate mass/tandem mass spectrometry (HRAM/MSⁿ). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the metabolite fingerprints showed four clusters for the two genetic lines (responsive and non-responsive) and the two CO₂ levels (ambient and elevated) in score plots. Metabolite profiling of representative samples for each of the four clusters identified 25 and 16 compounds from negative and positive data, respectively, including amino acids, saccharides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and lipids. Loading plots demonstrated that some saccharides and lipids were responsible for discriminating between not only two genetic lines but also two CO₂ levels. Analysis of free amino acids (not bound) showed a clear pattern of reduced concentration for both lines with elevated CO₂. After acid hydrolysis, the responsive line 6 (41% increase in yield) showed the same pattern observed for free amino acids, but the non-responsive line 5 (6% increase in yield) showed different trends in concentrations of amino acids with elevated CO₂.     

不同产地西洋参氨基酸种类及含量分析

为研究不同种植区西洋参氨基酸的含量和品质，按食品安全国家标准GB/T5009.124-2016，对加拿大多伦多市、陕西省留坝县、吉林省抚松县、山东省文登市来源的4 a生西洋参进行氨基酸种类和含量测定及对比分析。各产地西洋参均检测出17种氨基酸，其中含有人体必需的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸和半必需氨基酸精氨酸；含有蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸和精氨酸等8种药用氨基酸。人体必需氨基酸及药用氨基酸含量对比分析结果表明，加拿大多伦多市来源西洋参的这两类氨基酸含量最高，分别为46.20 mg/g 和61.93 mg/g，占总氨基酸含量的 54.0%和72.3%，其次是陕西省留坝县来源的西洋参，分别为45.70 mg/g和61.63 mg/g，占总氨基酸含量的51.9%和70.0%。主成分分析及综合评价结果表明，从氨基酸含量及营养均衡性角度来看，陕西省留坝县西洋参是最接近原产地加拿大的西洋参。     

青海省不同地区人工栽培大黄氨基酸含量的比较

青海地道中药材“西宁大黄”野生资源濒临枯竭,人工种植规模不断扩大。采集青海不同地区3年生种植大黄及野生大黄,分析测定其中18种氨基酸的含量,为“西宁大黄”资源的可持续开发和利用提供依据。     

彩色小麦近等基因系籽粒中氨基酸含量的比较分析

氨基酸是蛋白质的基本组成单位,是人体必需的重要营养物质。彩色小麦被认为是一类新型的营养保健小麦品种,但对其籽粒中氨基酸含量的研究很少。本研究首次利用高效液相色谱法比较分析了种植于三个环境中的彩色小麦近等基因系(蓝粒小麦科兴611,紫粒小麦科兴617和白粒小麦轮回亲本济麦22)籽粒中多种氨基酸的含量。结果表明,蓝粒小麦科兴611的必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量及总氨基酸含量均显著地高于紫粒小麦科兴617和白粒亲本济麦22。紫粒小麦科兴617和白粒小麦济麦22相比,必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量及总氨基酸含量相近,甚至低于济麦22。因此,蓝粒小麦籽粒氨基酸含量高的性状,有益于满足人类营养需求,同时可作为育种材料改良小麦品种的氨基酸含量,尤其是提高限制性氨基酸的含量,进而提高小麦的营养品质。     

The impact of foliar fertilizers on growth and biochemical responses of Thymus vulgaris to salinity stress

Salinity reduces plant biomass and may lead to death when severe. To cope with the negative effects of this stress, plant species present specific physiological or biochemical responses. In this work, we hypothesized that spraying salt-stressed thyme leaves with K⁺ and Ca²⁺ could mitigate the negative effects of salinity on plant growth and metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we grew thyme plants under salinity stress for two and four weeks before applying foliar sprays. Also, to test the effect of stress relief, treated plants were allowed two weeks of recovery after four weeks of salt stress. In general, after two and four weeks of salinity stress, the leaf fresh weight of thyme plants was reduced by 31 and 43%, respectively. Salinity also decreased the relative water content, water, and osmotic potentials and led to ion imbalances and nutrient deficiencies. Salinity altered concentration of some essential oils, but leaf antioxidant contents remained fairly stable, except for a significant increase for plants under NaCl?+?KCl two weeks after treatment. Our results indicated that stressed plants accumulated significantly more soluble sugars and amino acids in comparison with the control. Foliar sprays with KCl and CaCl₂ reversed the negative effects of salinity on plant biomass and induced the accumulations of compatible solutes. Moreover, concentrations of some essential oils and gallic acid increased in sprayed plants, but these effects were dependent on the type and duration of the treatment. Overall, spraying leaves with K⁺ and Ca²⁺ was able to mitigate salinity stress in Thymus vulgaris even during the recovery period.     

Comparison of uptake of different N forms by soil microorganisms and two wet-grassland plants: A pot study

Two common plant species of temperate wet grasslands, Carex acuta and Glyceria maxima, were tested for their preferences in the uptake of different nitrogen (N) sources (amino acid, ammonium, nitrate) and their ability to compete for these sources with soil microorganisms. The experiment was a one-day incubation study with plants growing in soil obtained from the field, which was supplied with a solution containing the three N sources, one at a time labeled with ¹⁵N. The bulk of the N demand of both species was covered by nitrate-N, which was the dominant N form in the soil at the time of the experiment. Ammonium-N was taken up less strongly, and organic N formed only a negligible part of their nutrition. The assimilated inorganic N was preferentially transported to apical meristem of the youngest leaf, while organic N remained mostly in the roots. The fast-growing Glyceria took up more N and was a better competitor vis-à-vis soil microbes for rarer N forms than Carex. However, both plants were poor competitors for N vis-à-vis soil microbes, irrespective of the N form. Microbes took up nitrate ca. five times faster and organic N more than a hundred times faster than plants. Correspondingly, the calculated turnover time of microbial N was 17 days, compared to 40 days for N in plant roots. A significant amount of added ¹⁵N was found at non-exchangeable sites in the soil, which points to the importance of microbial N transformation and abiotic N fixation for N retention in soil. In summary, the preferential assimilation of inorganic N by the wetland plants studied here and their poor ability to compete for N with soil microbes over the short term agree with the results of studies carried out with other species from temperate grasslands.     

Effect Of Replacing Fish Meal With Blood Meal On Chemical Composition Of Supplement For Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus)

The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect on the nutrient content of replacing fish meal (FM) with blood meal (BM) in fish supplement. Three isonitrogenous diets (35% crude protein) were formulated using FM as the main source of animal protein (BM0); 50% replacement of FM with blood meal (BM50); or 100% replacement of FM with BM (BM100). The chemical composition (ash, crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre) and amino acid composition were determined. Replacement of FM with BM did not affect the proximate composition of the diet apart from ash content which decreased with the level of substitution. Substituting fish meal with blood meal reduced the levels of methionine, lysine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, valine and increased the levels of arginine, phenylanine and alanine in the diet. Amino acid indices revealed that BM0 had more amino acids with the highest chemical scores followed by BM50 and BM100. In all the diets, methionine was the most limiting amino acid. The essential amino acid index of the diets reduced with the level of replacement of FM (0.94, 0.88 and 0.77). The study showed substitution of up to 50% FM with BM gave a useful protein diet and 100% gave almost a poor protein diet.     

烟草氨基酸代谢及其调控机制

综述了植物氨同化以及烟草中苯丙氨酸代谢、脯氨酸代谢、美拉德反应及其与烟叶风味和品质关系的研究进展,并分析了环境因素对烟草氨基酸代谢的影响,为深入研究氨基酸对烟叶品质和风味影响的机制奠定了基础。     

玉米胚乳突变基因与互作对籽粒成份的影响 Ⅲ.su_1基因与sh_2、bt_2基因的互作效应及其利用价值

研究了su_1基因与sh_2,bt_2基因互作对玉米籽粒粒重及营养成份的影响,探讨了这些互作效应对玉米品质育种的利用价值。结果表明:su_1基因与sh_2,bt_2基因互作大幅度降低籽粒百粒重,增加可溶性糖、还原糖和蔗糖含量,降低淀粉含量,增加蛋白质及蛋白质组分中清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白含量,降低醇溶蛋白含量。籽粒氨基酸组成中,天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸等氨基酸受基因互作影响较大。籽粒发育过程中双突变体一般表现为:粒重早期与正常型及单突变体相差不多,但后期增长缓慢;淀粉、醇溶蛋白早期含量较低,后期增长幅度亦较小;蛋白质含量下降量较小;可溶性糖及还原糖早期含量较高,后期下降速度随时期或基因组合而异。研究表明,su_1基因与sh_2、bt_2基因互作可以进一步提高籽粒营养成份,对玉米品质改良具有特殊的利用价值,但提高粒重是这类基因互作效应应用的关键。